A couple of recent articles from Reuters and Al Jazeera offer some analysis on the major players in the Syrian rebellion. First, From Reuters:
President Bashar al-Assad
Assad has played on fears that without him Syria could slide into civil war, Islamic militancy or Iraq-style sectarian carnage, causing what he has called a regional “earthquake.”
Nadim Shehadi, of London’s Chatham House think-tank, said Assad had already lost power, in the sense of legitimacy, but argued that the outside world had effectively propped him up with unheeded calls for reform and dialogue.
The opposition
“The people who are protesting in Syria seem to have crossed the barrier of fear, but the international community hasn’t.”
Many Syrians have defied a feared security apparatus to keep up demands for change, despite bloodshed which the United Nations says has cost more than 3,500 lives — as well as those of 1,100 soldiers and police, according to the government.
The West has urged Assad’s foes to form a united, coherent front, but Chatham House’s Shehadi said this was absurd, given the diversity of opinion lurking beneath years of repression.
“This is not really an opposition, this is the whole of Syrian society,” he said.
Without decisive outside moves or the growth of a more powerful insurgency at home, Assad could survive for years, said Joshua Landis, a Syria expert at the University of Oklahoma.
“Today, the opposition remains weak and the Syrian military has the upper hand. That could change if the opposition begins to construct a real insurgency, if Turkey goes to war against Syria by supporting some sort of insurgency, or if a foreign intervention is launched, such as happened in Libya,” he said.
“None of these possibilities is on the horizon,” Landis added, arguing that small guerrilla groups might begin to proliferate and harass the Syrian military and state.
“If they gain traction, foreign funding and arms, they could transform into a real insurgency over time.”
Assad’s supporters
Assad still retains substantial support from his own Alawite minority, part of the business elite in Damascus and Aleppo, Christians and others who fear that Islamist radicals might come to the fore, and, crucially, army and security force commanders.
“Until now there are segments of the Syrian population on the sidelines, afraid for their lives if they go out in the streets, or betting that Assad will survive,” said a leading dissident in Syria, who asked not to be named.
Syria’s neighbors
Assad’s own doom-laden warnings have reinforced the fears of Syria’s neighbors — Israel, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan and Turkey — about the possibly seismic consequences of a power shift in a nation on the faultlines of several Middle Eastern conflicts.
Instability in Syria, Iran’s only Arab ally, could spread to Lebanon or Iraq, which have volatile sectarian divides. Israel, long used to a calm border with Syria, frets that Assad’s fall could herald less predictable rulers. Syrian refugees have already spilled into Lebanon and Turkey, which is also wary of any revived Syrian support for rebel Kurds in its southeast.
The Arab League
He said the Arab League had embarrassed Assad with a plan he could not implement without inviting huge street protests. It could now suspend Syria and refer it to the United Nations, putting pressure on Russia and China to alter their stance.
An Arab League source said a ministerial committee might return to Damascus with a reprimand and perhaps a new deadline for compliance, or dispatch Arab observers to identify violators of the deal. Sterner action, such as suspending Syria from the League or blaming it for the violence, was unlikely immediately.
Waheed Abdel Maguid, at Cairo’s al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, said the League was hamstrung by its own rifts, with Algeria, Lebanon and Yemen hostile to penalizing Syria, and Iraq, Sudan and Mauritania hesitant.
“This puts the League in an awkward situation,” he said. “It holds meetings but is unable to act.”
Russia and China
Russia and China, stung by the robust Western reading of the U.N. resolution on Libya, oppose even U.N. criticism of Syria, whose uprising was inspired by others in the Arab world.
The “big powers”
The big powers seem just as indecisive and divided, although seemingly agreed on ruling out military intervention.
“In these conditions, it is not unlikely that Turkey will take some kind of action, with implicit support from Washington and major European capitals,” Jouejati said.
But Turkey, now a bitter critic of its former friend, has yet to impose sanctions promised weeks ago, or to send clear signals on the idea of a safe haven or no-fly zone in Syria.
“We hope there will be no need for these type of measures, but of course humanitarian issues are important,” Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu told the Financial Times this month.
Western countries, preoccupied with global economic woes, have sharpened their rhetoric, but otherwise seem at a loss.
“Those leaders trying to hold back the future at the point of a gun should know their days are numbered,” U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said on Monday, referring to Syria, while acknowledging the difficulty of any Libya-style “liberation.”
The same day, French Foreign Minister Alain Juppe said Syria’s behavior after the Arab peace plan was “absolutely unacceptable” and that it “could no longer be trusted.”
But, like his British counterpart William Hague who deplored Syria’s policy, he offered no blueprint for action.
Iran
Most of the previous Iranian comments on the unrest in Syria had focused on a “foreign conspiracy” driving the instability but there has been a subtle shift in Tehran’s tone.
Late last month, Ali Akbar Salehi, Iran’s foreign minister, encouraged the Assad regime to answer to some of his people’s “legitimate demands” while reiterating Iran’s support Syria.
Ahmadinejad’s comments seem to build on the slight shift and appear to reflect growing impatience with Assad in Iran.
In August, the European Union imposed sanctions against the elite unit of Iran’s Revolutionary Guard, saying the Quds Force, a special unit within the Guard, is providing equipment and other support to help the crackdown in Syria.
The US and other nations have accused Iran of aiding Assad’s crackdown.
There also has been speculation that Tehran is providing funds to cushion Assad’s government as it burns through the $17bn in foreign reserves that the goverment had at the start of the uprising.
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1 Comment
I think we must let the Syrian people decide their future. Foreign interventions not only destabilize a country but it puts people on the path of militancy and civil war which destroy a country’s infrastructure and institutions. The removal of Hosni mubarak and Qazzafi has not brought any solace to the people of these countries. Libya has been destroyed too the core. It will be better if western powers keep themselves off in nterfering with Arab countries.